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Scientific Insights | Natural Killer (NK) Cells: The Body’s Innate Immune Defenders

June 2025 — Taipei

Natural killer (NK) cells are a critical component of the human innate immune system. As their name implies, NK cells possess the natural ability to detect and destroy virus-infected and malignant cells without prior sensitization or antigen-specific priming. This rapid response mechanism positions them as one of the body’s first lines of defense against disease.



How Do NK Cells Work?


Unlike adaptive immune cells such as T or B cells, NK cells do not require antigen presentation via MHC molecules. Instead, they rely on a dynamic balance of activating and inhibitory receptors to discriminate between healthy and abnormal cells. Key mechanisms of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity include:


  • Direct killing of infected or transformed cells through perforin and granzyme secretion

  • Apoptosis induction via death receptor pathways (e.g., TRAIL, FasL)

  • Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) through engagement of Fc receptors

  • Cytokine release (e.g., IFN-γ, TNF-α) to enhance broader immune responses


This makes NK cells not only efficient killers but also potent modulators of the immune environment.



Why Are NK Cells Important in Modern Medicine?


In oncology, NK cells are being explored as a promising immunotherapeutic strategy, especially for tumors that evade conventional T cell responses. Unlike CAR-T therapies that rely on specific antigen targeting and are prone to cytokine release syndrome, NK cell therapies have demonstrated favorable safety profiles in early clinical trials and offer the potential for “off-the-shelf” allogeneic treatment without causing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).


NK cells are also relevant in:

  • Viral infections (e.g., influenza, hepatitis, HIV), where they help contain viral replication and prevent disease progression

  • Immune homeostasis, by regulating other immune cell populations and maintaining balance during inflammation

  • Anti-aging and immune rejuvenation through regenerative immune modulation strategies



Enhancing NK Cell Function in Clinical Settings


Aging, chronic stress, and disease burden may impair NK cell activity. To restore or enhance immune surveillance, adoptive NK cell therapies using expanded autologous or allogeneic NK cells are under active clinical development. These approaches include:


  • Ex vivo expansion and activation of NK cells using cytokines such as IL-2 or IL-15

  • Cryopreservation and cell banking for future therapeutic use

  • Genetic engineering of NK cells to enhance tumor specificity or resistance to immune suppression



JY BioMed’s NK Cell Platform


At JY BioMed, we are developing both autologous and allogeneic NK cell therapies designed for use in oncology and immune modulation. Our platform is optimized for:


  • Scalable manufacturing in compliance with Good Tissue Practice (GTP)

  • High cytotoxicity and persistence

  • Potential integration with bispecific antibodies and exosomes


As research continues to evolve, NK cells are emerging as versatile immune effectors with applications spanning cancer, infectious disease, and regenerative medicine.



Regulatory Disclaimer The NK cell therapies described herein are investigational products under preclinical or early clinical development. These therapies have not yet been approved by the U.S. FDA, Taiwan TFDA, or other global regulatory agencies. All development activities adhere strictly to international ethical guidelines and applicable regulatory frameworks.



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